Abstract
Offshore Wind Farm (OWF) foundations are considered to have a potential impact on the larval dispersion of benthic species. This study focused on OWFs’ impacts on larval dispersion, considering factors such as the foundation type, flow velocity, flow direction, and release type using numerical modelling. At the scale of monopile and gravity-based foundations, a combination of two numerical models was used: the Eulerian model (OpenFOAM), solving the 3D Navier–Stokes equations for computing the hydrodynamics, and the Lagrangian model (Ichthyop), solving the advection–diffusion equation for the larval dispersion simulations. The validation model tests were evaluated with experimental data as a first step of the study. Accurate results were achieved, yielding a Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) Root-Mean-Squared Error (RMSE) in the range of 6.82–8.27 ×10−5kg/m·s2 within the refined mesh, with a coefficient of determination (?2) approaching unity. For the second phase, more-realistic simulations were modelled. Those simulations demonstrated turbulent wakes downstream of the foundations and horseshoe vortex formations near the bottom. A larval dispersion was simulated using passive particles’ motion. Vertical flumes in the wake with particles experiencing both upward and downward motions, impacting the fall velocities of the particles, were observed. The influence of gravity-based foundations might lead to a stepping-stone effect with a retention time of up to 9 min, potentially allowing the settlement of competent larvae. In a similar geometry with an angular spring tide velocity, 0.4% of particles were trapped.