TY - JOUR
TI - A Global Map of Human Impact on Marine Ecosystems
AU - Halpern, B
AU - Walbridge, S
AU - Selkoe, K
AU - Kappel, C
AU - Micheli, F
AU - D'agrosa, C
AU - Bruno, J
AU - Casey, K
AU - Ebert, C
AU - Fox, H
AU - Fujita, R
AU - Heinemann, D
AU - Lenihan, H
AU - Madin, E
AU - Perry, M
AU - Selig, E
AU - Spalding, M
AU - Steneck, R
AU - Watson, R
T2 - Science
AB - The management and conservation of the world’s oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global datasets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates  that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.
DA - 2008/02//
PY - 2008
VL - 319
IS - 5865
SP - 948
EP - 952
UR - https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1149345
DO - 10.1126/science.1149345
LA - English
KW - Marine Energy
KW - Human Dimensions
ER -