A major project risk in Canada for in-stream tidal energy project developers is the obligation to meet regulatory requirements related to Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM). The federal regulator (Fisheries and Oceans Canada; DFO) requires each project proponent to demonstrate that their project will cause minimal harm to biological components of the marine ecosystem.
Specifically, the regulatory review process for in-stream tidal energy projects considers the fisheries protection provisions of the Fisheries Act (do not cause serious harm to fish), and the prohibitions and permitting provisions of the Species at Risk Act (do not kill, harm, or harass an individual of any listed endangered or threatened species). To ensure that projects adhere to the Fisheries Act and the Species at Risk Act, DFO requires that EEM programs use demonstrated, validated, and reliable methodologies and equipment to collect data and report results.
In response to this challenge, the Offshore Energy Research Association (OERA), in collaboration with the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), established the Pathway Program–a technology development and testing program focused on identifying and validating preferred environmental monitoring solutions for marine renewable energy projects.
The Pathway Program has the following goals:
- Define an EEM solution for the tidal energy industry that will be accepted by Canadian regulators, can reliably detect fish and marine mammals, and provide data that is relevant for understanding their relative frequency of occurrence, abundance, and distribution within 100 meters of an individual tidal energy turbine or platform;
- Reduce the operating costs of environmental compliance and ensure timely (i.e., quarterly) reporting of monitoring results by advancing data automation techniques;
- Minimize initial capital costs to developers;
- Develop regional capability to manage, process, analyze, and report EEM data; and
- Develop intellectual property for global, commercial use by regional companies in multiple marine industries.
A Path Forward
The Pathway Program has three work streams:
Work Stream 1: Global Capability Assessment
This phase reviewed the operating environments and assessed the technical limitations of a variety of sensors from different instrument classes (Imaging Sonars, Echosounders, and Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) Devices) to determine their applicability in the turbid, high-energy environment of the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia. This work was led by globally recognized experts and included consultations with other leading researchers, manufacturers, and equipment vendors for these sensors. Workshops included international participation and helped facilitate knowledge exchange and shape the direction of the Pathway Program. Some of this work was incorporated into Chapter 10 of the 2020 State of the Science Report. Full reports can be found here.
Work Stream 2: Data Processing and Analysis – Data Automation
Environmental monitoring sensors used for marine renewable energy devices collect enormous amounts of data, often in the form of specialized file types not commonly used by the broader scientific community. This data must be screened for quality to remove outliers and false positive signals, then processed into useable datasets. Currently, this data processing step requires substantial time and effort before the results are available for statistical analyses and visualization. This adds to compliance costs and prevents reporting results in a timeframe acceptable to regulators. To build and sustain regulatory confidence, it is critical that fish and marine mammal interactions with tidal energy turbines are reported in a timely manner.
In terms of current work progress, in a partnership with DeepSense (Dalhousie University), using machine learning methods, a new software (Echofilter) was developed to automate post-processing of environmental monitoring data from echosounders. Through another partnership with Oregon State University, a new harbour porpoise click detector and classifier algorithm (FindPorpoises) was created. Finally, an echosounder data analysis and reporting pipeline using the R statistical framework is under development and will lead to the automation of standardized tables and figures for quarterly reports for Canadian regulators based on metrics such as i) frequency of target detections, ii) abundance of targets detected, and iii) vertical distribution of targets in the water column. These metrics will be assessed alongside environmental explanatory variables such as tidal phase, diel state, and their interactive effects to understand how these factors influence where and when fish are detected.
Work Stream 3: Field Tests for Final Technology Validation
The suite of sensors identified through Work Stream 1 is being critically assessed and validated in the environment where this equipment will ultimately be used: the Bay of Fundy.
In terms of PAM technologies, two projects have been performed:
- a comparative PAM assessment aiming to answer which type of PAM technology to use, and
- the relative performance of a PAM instrument deployed at the surface and on the sea floor, evaluating where hydrophones should be deployed.
For echosounders, three projects were conducted with the objective of investigating target detections involving equipment such as optical cameras, imaging sonars, and echosounders deployed at the surface (downward facing) and on the sea floor (upward facing).
Two imaging sonar projects were recently completed and assessed target detection capabilities of two multibeam technologies with differing frequencies and detection ranges. The projects evaluated the relative performance of both technologies in surface deployments and in bottom deployments. While both technologies are useful, those with longer detection ranges may be beneficial for monitoring in high flow environments. Ultimately, the choice depends on the questions being asked.
DFO is contributing to the Pathway Program by providing feedback on study methodologies prior to implementation. Collaboration resulting from this program has helped establish collegial relationships between researchers, developers, and the regulator.
Looking Forward
In terms of sensor integration for the technology classes tested in Work Stream 3, the Pathway Program, in partnership with DP Energy, is developing a cabled subsea platform, which will test the integrated monitoring platform at the FORCE demonstration site during the spring of 2021. The integrated monitoring platform is built on one of FORCE’s Fundy Advanced Sensor Technology (FAST) subsea frames, and will include an integration module for synchronising data collected from hydrophones, an echosounder, an imaging sonar, and other support instruments (ADCP, optical camera, etc.). To date, preparation work and reports have been delivered, and a comprehensive Harbour Acceptance Test (commission testing performed prior to deployment at the FORCE tidal demonstration site in Minas Passage) was successfully concluded in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia.
About OERA
At OERA (the Offshore Energy Research Association), we enable expert energy research that includes input from industry, academia, government, regulators, and others. Our scope encompasses all energy-related research, including onshore and offshore petroleum, cleantech, and renewable energy. We’re helping Nova Scotia move toward a more sustainable energy future by providing the unbiased information and insight needed to plan a path forward. We support economic growth in our region by exploring and assessing cleantech opportunities. We are a non-profit organization serving as an independent and impartial knowledge and capacity builder.