Abstract
Utilization of renewable energy is essential for climate change mitigation measures. Wind power generation, solar power generation, geothermal power generation, and biomass power generation have already been put into practical use, and numerical targets of establishment of these stations have been set for reducing carbon dioxide emissions in many countries. However, birds and bats collide with wind turbines. Opposition movements are taking place in various parts of Japan, including wild bird conservation groups. The raptor white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) actually has many collisions in Japan. This species has a resident population and a wintering population in Japan and is listed as an endangered species in Japan. Endangered white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) and swans, whose populations were once reduced due to endocrine disrupters including DDTs, are also strictly protected, which are used to be a reason for reductions in the number of installations and operational restrictions of wind turbines, in the environmental impact assessment. However, there are no or very few cases of migratory birds colliding. Introducing the concept of risk into environmental impact assessments cannot reduce conflicts to zero, but it could reduce the number of conflicts so that they do not affect population persistence. For that purpose, adaptive risk management that monitors the number of individuals and the number of collisions and limits the operation of the facility when the number of collisions becomes excessive is effective. In addition, we will explain what kind of consensus was reached on the flight route of white-fronted geese.