Short Science Summary: Collision Risk

Fish

Potential for Animals to be Injured by Turbines: Collision Risk

The presence of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices—particularly the rotating blades of tidal and river turbines—is thought to pose a risk to marine animals. Animals might come into close contact with turbine blades in the course of their natural movements, because they are attracted to the device for purposes of feeding, shelter, or out of curiosity, or because they are not strong enough to avoid currents that might sweep them into the blades.

The concern is that a collision with moving device parts (e.g., turbine blades), a moving device (e.g., tidal kite), or perhaps the stationary part of a device (e.g., foundation) could cause irrevocable injury or death. For animal populations that are under stress for other reasons, such as climate change or other human activities, loss of even a few members due to collision might affect the survivability of the population. The greatest concerns are for marine mammals, especially those in protected or declining populations; commercially and recreationally important fish species; and endangered seabirds.

This Short Science Summary was developed based on the OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World, specifically Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines. 

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines Sparling, C., Seitz, A., Masden, E., Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
A Coordinated Action Plan for Addressing Collision Risk for Marine Mammals and Tidal Turbines Hutchison, I., Copping, A. Workshop Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals
A Diving Bird Collision Risk Assessment Framework for Tidal Turbines Grant, M., Trinder, M., Harding, N. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds
A Probabilistic Methodology for Determining Collision Risk of Marine Animals with Tidal Energy Turbines Copping, A., Hasselman, D., Bangley, C., Culina, J., Carcas, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Review of Marine Bird Diving Behaviour: Assessing Underwater Collision Risk with Tidal Turbines Robbins, A., Thaxter, C., Cook, A., Furness, T., Daunt, F., Masden, E. Presentation Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise
A review of the potential use of sonar to observe the underwater behaviour of diving birds near tidal energy devices RPS group Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Seabirds
A Review on Environmental and Social Impacts of Thermal Gradient and Tidal Currents Energy Conversion and Application to the Case of Chiapas, Mexico Rivera, G., Felix, A., Mendoza, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
A Self-Contained Subsea Platform for Acoustic Monitoring of the Environment Around Marine Renewable Energy Devices - Field Deployments at Wave and Tidal Energy Sites in Orkney, Scotland Williamson, B., Blondel, P., Armstrong, E., Bell, P., Hall, C., Waggitt, J., Scott, B. Journal Article Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals, Fish, Birds
A systemic view of potential environmental impacts of ocean energy production Martinez, M., Vázquez, G., Pérez-Maqueo O., Silvia, R., Moreno-Casasola, P., Mendoza-González, G., Lopez-Portillo, J., Macgregor-Fors, I., Heckel, G., Hernández-Santana, J., Gracía-Franco, J., Castillo-Campos, G., Lara-Dominguez, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Salinity Gradient, Tidal, Wave Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals
A Tool for Simulating Collision Probabilities of Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Devices Schmitt, P., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Molander, S., Hammar, L., Kregting, L. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision
Advancing a Key Consenting Risk for Tidal Energy: The Risk of Marine Mammal Collision for In-Stream Tidal Energy Devices Booth, C., Sparling, C., Wood, J., Tollitt, D., Scott-Heyward, L., Rexstad, E., Hultgren, Y., Johnsson, M., Knutzen, E. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Agent-Based Modelling of fish collisions with tidal turbines Rossington, K., Benson, T. Presentation Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
An agent-based model to predict fish collisions with tidal stream turbines Rossington, K., Benson, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Annex I: Movements and Diving Behaviour of Juvenile Grey Seals in Areas of High Tidal Energy Thompson, D. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Application of a multibeam echosounder to document changes in animal movement and behaviour around a tidal turbine structure Williamson, B., Blondel, P., Williamson, L., Scott, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Applying a simple model for estimating the likelihood of collision of marine mammals with tidal turbines Copping, A., Grear, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Are fish in danger? A review of environmental effects of marine renewable energy on fishes Copping, A., Hemery, L., Viehman, H., Seitz, A., Staines, G., Hasselman, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Fish
Assessing collision risk between underwater turbines and marine wildlife Scottish Natural Heritage Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision
Assessing the effects of tidal stream marine renewable energy on seabirds: A conceptual framework Isaksson, N., Masden, E., Williamson, B., Costagliola-Ray, M., Slingsby, J., Houghton, J., Wilson, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Assessing the Sensitivity of Seabird Populations to Adverse Effects from Tidal Stream Turbines and Wave Energy Devices Furness, R., Wade, H., Robbins, A., Masden, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Assessment of Collision Risk for Seals and Tidal Stream Turbines Davies, I., Thompson, F. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Birds in Welsh Waters and Preliminary Risk Assessment Loughrey, J., Austin, M., Sweeney, J., Robinson, C., Dewar, R. Report Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Assessment of Risk to Diving Birds from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 2 - Field Methodologies and Site Assessments Robinson, C., Cook, G. Report Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Assessment of Risk to Marine Mammals from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters: Phase 1 - Desktop Review of Marine Mammals and Risks from Underwater Marine Renewable Devices in Welsh Waters Wilson, B., Gordon, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Marine Mammals
Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade Carlson, T., Grear, M., Copping, A., Halvorsen, M., Jepsen, R., Metzinger, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Assessment of the impact of tidal power extraction from the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier through the evaluation of a pilot plant Fockert, A., Bijlsma, A., O'Mahoney, T., Verbruggen, W., Scheijgrond, P., Wang, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Fish
Assessment of Zooplankton Injury and Mortality Associated With Underwater Turbines for Tidal Energy Production Schlezinger, D., Taylor, C., Howes, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Ecosystem Processes
Automated Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals in the Vicinity of Tidal Turbines Using Multibeam Sonar Gillespie, D., Hastie, G., Montabaranom, J., Longden, E., Rapson, K., Holoborodko, A., Sparling, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
Biological Consequences of Marine Energy Development on Marine Animals Hemery, L., Copping, A., Overhus, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Seabirds, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Birds and Wave & Tidal Stream Energy: An Ecological Review McCluskie, A., Langston, R., Wilkinson, N. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Brims Tidal Array Collision Risk Modelling - Atlantic Salmon Xodus Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Building Capacity for Marine Hydrokinetic Energy: Atlas of Potential Synergistic and Conflicting Environmental, Ecological, and Human Use Considerations Dubbs, L., Voss, C., Von Korff, B., Morton, J., Peterson, C., Fegley, S., Piehler, M. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Chemicals, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Capabilities of an Acoustic Camera to Inform Fish Collision Risk with Current Energy Converter Turbines Staines, G., Mueller, R., Seitz, A., Evans, M., O'Byrne, P., Wosnik, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine, Tidal Collision Fish
Characterization of Marine Mammal Biomechanics to Evaluate Tidal Turbine Collision Impact Grear, M. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Collision risk modelling for tidal energy devices: A flexible simulation-based approach Horne, N., Culloch, R., Schmitt, P., Lieber, L., Wilson, B., Dale, A., Houghton, J., Kregting, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Collision Risk of Fish with Wave and Tidal Devices ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Collision Fish
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