Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Windmar Project, Guyanilla, Puerto Rico Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian and Sensitive Species Baseline Study Final Report: Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch Umatilla County, Oregon Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Bay, K., Good, R., Lack, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Effects of offshore wind farms on birds: "Cuisinarts of the sky" or just tilting at windmills? Tingley, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Collision Potential of Eiders and Other Birds Near a Proposed Windfarm at St. Lawrence Island, October-November 2002 Day, R., Rose, J., Ritchie, R., Shook, J., Cooper, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality During the First Year of Operation at the Klondike Phase I Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W., White, J., McKinney, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Musselroe Wind Farm Project Summary Ellis, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State-of-the-Art Henderson, A., Morgan, C., Smith, B., Sørensen, H., Barthelmie, R., Boesmans, B, Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of the 20 MW Wind Power Project in Tejona, Costa Rica Report of Phase 2 of the Tejona Wind Power Project (TWPP) van Hulle, F., van Roekel, G., de Jongh, J., Borchgrevink, J., Lopes, J., Vindas, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Initial Phase of the Foote Creek Rim Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming November 1998-June 2002 Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Good, R., Strickland, M., Johnson, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
National Wind Technology Center Site Environmental Assessment: Bird and Bat Use and Fatalities - Final Report Schmidt, E., Piaggo, A., Bock, C., Armstrong, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Guidelines for Wind Power and Wildlife in Washington State, USA Ling, S., Linehan, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Comparison of Avian Responses to UV-Light-Reflective Paint on Wind Turbines Young, D., Erickson, W., Strickland, M., Good, R., Sernka, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS): Development of a Method for Estimating Collision Frequency of Migrating Birds at Offshore Wind Turbines Desholm, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Waterfowl, Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Wildlife Baseline Study for the Kittitas Valley Wind Project: Summary of Results from 2002 Wildlife Surveys Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Young, D., Bay, K., Good, R., Sernka, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders: Preliminary Study Results and Recommendations Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Synthesis and Comparison of Baseline Avian and Bat Use, Raptor Nesting and Mortality Information from Proposed and Existing Wind Developments Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Young, D., Strickland, D., Good, R., Bourassa, M., Bay, K., Sernka, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
A Roadmap for PIER Research on Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines in California Sterner, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Raptors
Effects of Wind Turbines on Birds and Bats in Northeastern Wisconsin Howe, R., Evans, W., Wolf, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Maiden Wind Farm, Yakima and Benton Counties, Washington Young, D., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Good, R., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian/Wind Turbine Interactions: A Short Summary of Research Results and Remaining Questions National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Collision Mortality of Local and Migrant Birds at a Large-Scale Wind-Power Development on Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Johnson, G., Erickson, W., Strickland, M., Shepherd, M., Shepherd, D., Sarappo, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Golden Eagles in a Perilous Landscape: Predicting the Effects of Mitigation for Wind Turbine Blade Strike Mortality Hunt, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Response of Red-Tailed Hawks and Golden Eagles to Topographical Features, Weather, and Abundance of a Dominant Prey Species at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California: April 1999-December 2000 Hoover, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Evaluating the Coastal Environment for Marine Birds Wanless, S., Bacon, P., Harris, M., Webb, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment
Postdevelopment Experiments to Detect Anthropogenic Disturbances: The Case of Sea Ducks and Wind Parks Guillemette, M., Larsen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Waterfowl, Birds
Ecological Baseline Study for the Zintel Canyon Wind Project Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Bay, K., Konner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
Searcher Bias and Scavenging Rates in Bird/Wind Energy Studies Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian Hearing and the Avoidance of Wind Turbines Dooling, R. Report Wind Energy Noise, Avoidance Birds
Baseline Ecological Studies for the Klondike Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Demonstration Windpower Project St. Lawrence Bird Surveys Jacques Whitford Environment Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Predicting the Displacement of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra from Benthic Feeding Areas Due to Offshore Windfarms Kaiser, M., Elliott, A., Galanidi, M., Ivor, E., Rees, S., Caldow, R., Stillman, R., Sutherland, W., Showler, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
An Assessment of the Impacts of Green Mountain Power Corporation's Wind Power Facility on Breeding and Migrating Birds in Searsburg, Vermont: July 1996-July 1998 Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Potential Wind Park Impacts on Whooper Swans in Winter: The Risk of Collision Larsen, J., Clausen, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Golden Eagles in a Multiple Land-Use Environment: A Case Study in Conflict Management Madders, M., Walker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Recommendations for project-related studies of possible impacts of marine wind farms during construction and operation on birds Hüppop, O., Exo, K., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Novar Windfarm Ltd Ornithological Monitoring Studies: Breeding Bird and Birdstrike Monitoring 2001 Results & 5-Year Review Bioscan Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Mature Areas of the Offshore North Sea SEA2 UK Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: A Summary of Existing Studies and Comparisons to Other Sources of Avian Collision Mortality in the United States Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Young, D., Sernka, K., Good, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Status of Avian Research at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
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