Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
2006 Rare Bird Survey at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project in Clayton, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
2008/2009 Annual Report for the Buena Vista Avian and Bat Monitoring Project Insignia Environmental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2010 Initial Bird Assessment of the Dennis Water District Wind Turbine Project Site Podolsky, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
2011 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Lout, M., Courage, Z., Nomani, S., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
2015 Bird and Bat Post Construction Monitoring Report – Laurel Mountain Wind Energy Project Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2016-2017 Status Assessment and Update on the Wind Vision Roadmap DeMeo, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
2018 Post - Construction Monitoring Study Black Oak Getty Wind Project Stearns County, Minnesota Pickle, J., Lombardi, J., Stucker, J., DiDonato, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2018 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Red Pine Wind Energy Facility Lincoln County, Minnesota Trana, M., Hyzy, B., Pickle, J., Gustafson, Z. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2022 Pacific Seabird Group 49th Annual Meeting. 22 - 25 February 2022 Pacific Seabird Group (PSG) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
2nd Iteration: Effect of turbine capacity on collision numbers for three large gull species, based on revised density data, when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on birds in the southern North Sea van der Wal, J., Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-Grouse; Proposed Rule Gelat, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
5th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 1 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
5th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: ECOWind Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds, Physical Environment
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 1 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: OWEC Programme Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy EMF Birds
A balanced solution to the cumulative threat of industrialized wind farm development on cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Biogeographic Assessment of Seabirds, Deep Sea Corals and Ocean Habitats of the New York Bight: Science to Support Offshore Spatial Planning Menza, C., Kinlan, B., Dorfman, D., Poti, M., Caldow, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates
A Bird and Small Mammal BACI and IG Design Studies in a Wind Farm in Malpica (Spain) de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
A bird of two hemispheres: An examination of Swainson’s hawk (Buteo swainsoni) ecology across a landscape of increasing wind energy development Watson, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
A Bridge Between Oceans: Overland Migration of Marine Birds in a Wind Energy Corridor Lamb, J., Newstead, D., Koczur, L., Ballard, B., Green, M., Jodice, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
A Collision Risk Model to Predict Avian Fatalities at Wind Facilities: An Example Using Golden Eagles, Aquila chrysaetos New, L., Bjerre, M., Millsap, B., Otto, M., Runge, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A comparative insight of Irish and Scottish regulatory frameworks for offshore wind energy – An expert perspective O'Hanlon, Z., Cummins, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities Erickson, W., Wolfe, M., Bay, K., Johnson, D., Gehring, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A Continued Examination of Avian Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Orloff, S., Flannery, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A crane movement model parameterized using portable radar for evaluating response to wind energy development Kirsch, E., Diehl, R., Suarez, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
A critical review on environmental impacts of renewable energy systems and mitigation strategies: Wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal Sayad, E. , Wilberforce, T., Elsaid, K., Rabaia, M., Abdelkareem, M., Chae, K., Olabi, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction, Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
A Currency for Offsetting Energy Development Impacts: Horse-Trading Sage-Grouse on the Open Market Doherty, K., Naugle, D., Evans, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
A Description of the Biosis Model to Assess Risk of Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines Smales, I., Muir, S., Meredith, C., Baird, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project: Draft Report Woodlot Alternatives Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
A first approach to deal with cumulative effects on birds and bats of offshore wind farms and other human activities in the Southern North Sea Leopold, M., Boonman, M., Collier, M., Davaasuren, N., Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A., Jong, J., Jongbloed, R., Poerink, B., Kleyheeg-Hartman, J., Krijgsveld, K., Lagerveld, S., Lensink, R., Poot, M., van der Wal, J., Scholl, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds
A Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects (FAECE) of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in the Southern North Sea Platteeuw, M., Bakker, J., van den Bosch, I., Erkman, A., Graafland, M., Lubbe, S., Warnas, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Birds, Bats
A framework for decision points to trigger adaptive management actions in long-term incidental take permits Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A framework for improving treatment of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments for protected marine birds Searle, K., O'Brien, S., Jones, E., Cook, A., Trinder, M., McGregor, R., Donovan, C., McCluskie, A., Daunt, F., Butler, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States Williams, K., Gulka, J., Cook, A., Diehl, R., Farnsworth, A., Goyert, H., Hein, C., Loring, P., Mizrahi, D., Petersen, I., Peterson, T., Press, K., Stenhouse, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
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