Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Bird Migration Skov, H., Jensen, N., Durinck, J., Jensen, B., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Portland General Electric Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Phase I Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring First Annual Report Sherman County, Oregon: January, 2008 - December, 2008 Jeffrey, J., Bay, K., Erickson, W., Sonnenberg, M., Baker, J., Kerterke, M., Boehrs, J., Palochak, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Annual Report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study 2008 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L., Quant, J., Pursell, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Proposal to Permit Take Provided Under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act Gould, R. Report Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
FISHING GEAR–RELATED INJURY IN CALIFORNIA MARINE WILDLIFE Kaplan Dau, B., Gilardi, K.V.K., Gulland, F., Higgins, A., Holcomb, J.B., Leger, J.S., Ziccardi, M.H. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Entanglement Birds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Draft Avian and Bat Post-Construction Monitoring Plan: Raleigh Wind Farm, Invenergy Canada Dillon Consulting Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds The Erie Shores Wind Farm Experience: Breeding Bird Surveys James, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Whooping Cranes and Wind Development - An Issue Paper US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
Observations of Seabirds at Offshore Wind Turbines near Blyth in Northeast England Rothery, P., Newton, I., Little, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Impact of Wind Power Plants on Black Grouse, Lyrurus tetrix in Alpine Regions Zeiler, H., Grunschachner-Berger, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
It's Not Easy Being Green: Wind Energy and a Declining Grassland Bird Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Determining Night-Time Distribution of Long-Tailed Ducks Using Satellite Telemetry Allison, T., Perkins, S., Perry, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Communication Towers, Lights, and Birds: Successful Methods of Reducing the Frequency of Avian Collisions Gehring, J., Kerlinger, P., Manville, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish
Collision Avoidance of Golden Eagles at Wind Farms Under the 'Band' Collision Risk Model Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Guidelines for Assessing the Potential Impacts to Birds and Bats from Wind Energy Development in Northern Arizona and the Southern Colorado Plateau Lynn, J., Auberle, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Using probability of occurrence to assess potential interaction between wind farms and a residual population of golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos in NW Spain Tapia, L., Dominguez, J., Rodriguez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: A Review Powlesland, R. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
The State of the Birds United States of America 2009 North American Bird Conservation Initiative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
The Monitoring of the Wintering Geese in the "Sveti Nikola" Territory and the Kaliakra Region in Winter 2008/2009 Zehtindjiev, P., Gash, M., Evans, T., Percival, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Development of a method for the automatic quantification of bird migration in the area of ​​offshore wind farms and the barrier effect of the technical systems for bird migration using fast fixed beam radar Neumann, R., Kube, J., Liechti, F., Steuri, T., Wendeln, H., Sordyl, H. Report Wind Energy Birds
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: State of the Art After Two Years of Environmental Monitoring Degraer, S., Brabant, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
An Ecological Risk Assessment of Wind Energy Development in Montana Martin, B., Pearson, A., Bauer, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2009 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Guidance note: Guidance on Methods for Monitoring Bird Populations at Onshore Wind Farms Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Scientific Review of California Guidelines for Reducing Impacts to Birds and Bats from Wind Energy Development Hicks, W., Newman, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway: Progress Report 2008 Bevanger, K., Clausen, S., Dahl, E., Flagstad, Ø., Follestad, A., Gjershaug, J., Halley, D., Hanssen, F., Hoel, P., Jacobsen, K., Johnsen, L., May, R., Nygård, T., Pedersen, H., Reitan, O., Steinheim, Y., Vang, R. Report Wind Energy Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Wind Power in Wyoming: Doing it Smart from the Start Molvar, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Biological Study Report West Ridge Wind Energy Project Gerhardt, R., Gritski, R., Luginbuhl, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Wind Power, Wildlife, and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act: A Way Forward Lilley, M., Firestone, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Animal Behavioral Adaptation to Changing Landscapes: Spring-Staging Geese Habituate to Wind Farms Madsen, J., Boertmann, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
The Relation Between Birds and Wind Turbines and Other Aerial Obstacles - A Literature Survey Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Collision Fatality of Raptors in Wind Farms does not Depend on Raptor Abundance de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Whitfield, D., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Migrating Waterbirds Piper, W., Kulik, G., Durinck, J., Skov, H., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Biological Study Plan East Ridge Wind Energy Project Gerhardt, R., Luginbuhl, J., Gritski, R., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Spatial Overlap of Wind Farms on Peatland with Sensitive Areas for Birds Bright, J., Langston, R., Pearce-Higgins, J., Bullman, R., Evans, R., Gardner, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Key conservation issues for migratory land- and waterbird species on the world's major flyways Kirby, J., Stattersfield, A., Butchart, S., Evans, M., Grimmett, R., Jones, V., O'Sullivan, J., Tucker, G., Newton, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Food Basis for Common Scoter Skov, H., Durinck, J., Erichsen, A., Kloster, R., Møhlenberg, F., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Resting Waterbirds Skov, H., Piper, W., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Map of Bird Sensitivities to Wind Farms in Scotland: A Tool to Aid Planning and Conservation Bright, J., Langston, R., Bullman, R., Evans, R., Gardner, S., Pearce-Higgins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
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