Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wind energy developments and Natura 2000 European Union Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Birds, Bats
Collision risk of White-fronted Geese with wind turbines Sugimoto, H., Matsuda, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Bird migration monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park territory, Kaliakra region, in autumn 2011, and an evaluation of a potential “barrier effect” after two years of operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Selected findings from the baseline and targeted monitoring Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Risk Evaluation for Federally Listed (Roseate Tern, Piping Plover) or Candidate (Red Knot) Bird Species in Offshore Waters: A First Step for Managing the Potential Impacts of Wind Facility Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Burger, J., Gordon, C., Lawrence, J., Newman, J., Forcey, G., Vlietstra, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Birds
Investigation on Design for a 500 W Wind Turbine Composite Blade Considering Impact Damage Kong, C., Choi, S., Park, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Comparing Pre- and Post-Construction Distributions of Long-Tailed Ducks Clangula hyemalis in and around the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm, Denmark: A Quasi-Designed Experiment Accounting for Imperfect Detection, Local Surface Features and Autocorrelation Petersen, I., Mackenzie, M., Rexstad, E., Wisz, M., Fox, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Cantabrian Capercaillie signs disappeared after a wind farm construction Gonzalez, M., Ena, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Local Birds in and around the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) Leopold, M., Dijkman, E., Teal, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Monitoring of Wintering Geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "Sveti Nikola" Territory and the Kaliakra Region in Winter 2010/2011 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Demography of Female Greater Prairie-Chickens in Unfragmented Grasslands in Kansas Augustine, J., Sandercock, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Birkhühner Tetrao tetrix (Linnaeus 1758): Ein Leben zwischen Windrädern und Schiliften Grunschachner-Berger, V., Kainer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway (BirdWind) Report on Findings 2007-2010 Bevanger, K., Berntsen, F., Clausen, S., Dahl, E., Flagstad, Ø., Halley, D., Hanssen, F., Johnsen, L., Kvaløy, P., Lund-Heel, P., May, R., Nygård, T., Pedersen, H., Reitan, O., Roskaft, E., Steinheim, Y., Stokke, B., Vang, R. Report Wind Energy Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Response of Raptors to a Windfarm Garvin, J., Jennelle, C., Drake, D., Grodsky, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Collision Risk in White-Tailed Eagles: Modelling Collision Risk Using Vantage Point Observations in Smøla Wind-Power Plant May, R., Hoel, P., Langston, R., Dahl, E., Bevanger, K., Reitan, O., Nygård, T., Pedersen, H., Roskaft, E., Stokke, B. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential impact of wind farms on territories of large eagles in southeastern Spain Martinez, J., Calvo, J., Zuberogoita, I., Cerezo, E., Manrique, J., Gomez, G., Nevado, J., Sanchez, M., Sanchez, R., Bayo, J., Pallares, A., Gonzalez, C., Gomez, J., Perez, P., Motos, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Patterns of Bird and Bat Fatality at the Locust Ridge II Wind Farm, Pennsylvania Arnett, E., Schirmacher, M., Hein, C., Bat Conservation International, Huso, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Night Migrant Fatalities And Obstruction Lighting At Wind Turbines In North America Kerlinger, P., Gehring, J., Erickson, W., Curry, R., Jain, A., Guarnaccia, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, Collision Birds
Pre-Wind Energy Development Assessment of the Avian Community in the Central Texas Panhandle Wulf, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Samlet belastning av vindkraftutbygging på fugl: standardvilkår for for- og etterundersøkelser May, R., Dahl, E., Follestad, A., Reitan, O., Bevanger, K. Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Physical Environment
Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm: Diver Surveys 2009-10 Percival, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Minimizing Collision Risk Between Migrating Raptors and Marine Wind Farms: Development of a Spatial Planning Tool Baisner, A., Andersen, J., Findsen, A., Granath, S., Madsen, K., Desholm, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Bird Collisions with Power Lines: Failing to See the Way Ahead? Martin, G., Shaw, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Avian and Bat Risk Assessment for the Montezuma II Wind Project, Solano County, California ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
2010 Initial Bird Assessment of the Dennis Water District Wind Turbine Project Site Podolsky, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus Migration in Relation to Offshore Wind Farms Griffin, L., Rees, E., Hughes, B. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Spring Valley Wind Energy Facility SWCA Environmental Consultants Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh II Wind Power Project Solano County, California Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L., Hasch, A., Jain, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
FARMLAND BIRDS ACROSS THE WORLD van der Weijden, W., Terwan, P., Guldemond, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Klondike III (Phase 1) Wind Power Project Wildlife Monitoring Study October 2007–October 2009 Gritski, B., Downes, S., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Environmental Impact Assessment of Offshore Wind Farms: A Simulation-Based Approach Lapeña, B., Wijnberg, K., Hulscher, S., Stein, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project - Aerial survey methods, data collection and statistical analysis APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The precautionary principle and wind-farm planning: data scarcity does not imply absence of effects Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J., Lobon, M., Camina, A., Lekuona, J., Montelio, E., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Clocaenog Forest Wind Farm Collision Risk Report Model George, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A crane movement model parameterized using portable radar for evaluating response to wind energy development Kirsch, E., Diehl, R., Suarez, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
Barriers to Movement: Modelling Energetic Costs of Avoiding Marine Wind Farms Amongst Breeding Seabirds Masden, E., Haydon, D., Fox, A., Furness, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Ocean Wind Power Ecological Baseline Studies Final Report - Volume 2: Avian Studies Geo-Marine Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine - Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Snyder, S., Didonato, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Updated Summary of Knowledge: Selected Areas of the Pacific Coast Kaplan, B., Beegle-Krause, C., McCay, D., Copping, A., Geerlofs, S. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Wind Energy: Progress and Potential Kaygusuz, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
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