Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Analysis of the Argyll Array Turbine Layout Iterations in Relation to Ornithological Constraints Bullman, R., Shaylon, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Identifying ecologically important marine areas for seabirds using behavioural information in combination with distribution patterns Camphuysen, K., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Bouten, W., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Bird Migration Monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park Territory, Kaliakra Region, in Autumn 2012, and Analysis of Potential Impact after Three Years' Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan Including Bird and Bat Conservation Strategies and an Eagle Conservation Plan: New Era Wind Project Westwood Professional Services Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Impacts of wind farms on swans and geese: a review Rees, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Argyll Array Offshore Windfarm Report to Inform a Shadow Appropriate Assessment - Great Northern Diver Potential SPAs NIRAS Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
East Anglia ONE Offshore Windfarm: Environmental Statement Environmental Resource Management Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Remote Environmental Assessment Laboratory's Acoustic Library: An Archive for Studying Soundscape Ecology Kasten, E., Gage, S., Fox, J., Joo, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds
Searchlight Wind Energy Project Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Tracking seabirds to identify ecologically important and high risk marine areas in the western North Atlantic Montevecchi, W., Hedd, A., Tranquilla, L., Fifield, D., Burke, C., Regular, P., Davoren, G., Garthe, S., Robertson, G., Phillips, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Bird-Community Shifts in Relation to Wind Farms: A Case Study Comparing a Wind Farm, Croplands, and Secondary Forests in Southern Mexico Villegas-Patraca, R., Macgregor-Fors, I., Ortiz-Martinez, T., Perez-Sanchez, C., Herrera-Alsina, L., Munoz-Robles, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Diurnal and nocturnal ranging behaviour by moorland-breeding Short-eared Owls Asio flammeus in Scotland Calladine, J., Morrison, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Wind development and wildlife mitigation in Wyoming: a primer Jakle, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Guidelines for Reducing Impacts to Wildlife from Wind Energy Development in Arizona Arizona Game and Fish Department Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessing the risk of offshore wind farm development to migratory birds designated as features of UK Special Protection Areas (and other Annex 1 species) Wright, L., Ross-Smith, V., Austin, G., Massimino, D., Dadam, D., Cook, A., Calbrade, N., Burton, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Hornsea Project 2 Environmental Impact Assessment SMart Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Spatial Distribution of Wind Turbines is Crucial for the Survival of Red Kite Populations Schaub, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Modelled Sensitivity of Avian Collision Rate at Wind Turbines Varies with Number of Hours of Flight Activity Input Data Douglas, D., Follestad, A., Langston, R., Pearce-Higgins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The impact of a central Apennine wind-farm Forconi, P., Fusari, M., Appiotti, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Turbine Height as a Management Tool for Collision Risk to Birds at Offshore Wind Farms Davies, I., Band, B. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Baseline investigations of bats and birds at wind turbine test Centre Asterild Therkildsen, O., Elmeros, M., Kahlert, J., Desholm, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds, Bats
Direct human-caused mortality of birds: improving quantification of magnitude and assessment of population impact Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision Birds
Impact of wind turbines on birds: a case study from Gujarat, India Kumar, S., Ali, A., Arun, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Preliminary survey of avifauna around wind farm of Jangi region, Kutch District, Gujarat, India Ali, A., Kumar, S., Arun, P., Murugesan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Some Clouds Have a Silver Lining: Paradoxes of Anthropogenic Perturbations from Study Cases on Long-Lived Social Birds Oro, D., Jimenez, J., Curco, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
A Habitat-Based Wind-Wildlife Collision Model with Application to the Upper Great Plains Region Forcey, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds, Bats
Radar Monitoring of Migrating Pink-Footed Geese: Behavioural Responses to Offshore Wind Farm Development Plonczkier, P., Simms, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
The Effect of Wind Power on Birds and Bats - A Synthesis Rydell, J., Engstrom, H., Hedenstrom, A., Larsen, J., Pettersson, J., Green, M. Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Aerial Survey of Seabirds: The Advent of Digital Methods Buckland, S., Burt, M., Rexstad, E., Mellor, M., Williams, A., Woodward, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Scavenger removal: Bird and bat carcass persistence in a tropical wind farm Villegas-Patraca, R., Macias-Sanchez, S., Macgregor-Fors, I., Munoz-Robles, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Project - Aerial Bird Survey Report Winter 2010/11 & 2011/12 (Zones 1 & 2) APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Topography drives migratory flight altitude of golden eagles: implications for on-shore wind energy development Katzner, T., Brandes, D., Miller, T., Lanzone, M., Maisonneuve, C., Tremblay, J., Mulvihill, R., Merovich, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity Miderman, J., Pendlebury, C., Pearce-Higgins, J., Park, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind and Wildlife in the Northern Great Plains: Identifying Low-Impact Areas for Wind Development Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Slaats, M., Olimb, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Population Sizes of Seabirds breeding in Scottish Special Protection Areas Lewis, M., Lye, G., Pendlebury, C., Walls, R. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Population Trends of Breeding Seabird Colonies in Scottish SPAs Malcolm, F., Lye, G., Lewis, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Population Sizes of Seabirds Breeding in Scottish SPAs Lewis, M., Lye, G., Pendlebury, C., Walls, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Birds
Appendix K Tetra Tech Bird Survey Report: Spring - Fall 2010 Avian and Bat Studies Report Lake Erie Wind Power Study Svedlow, A., Gilpatrick, L., McIlvain, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Humber Gateway OWF: Pre-construction Ornithological Monitoring Programme (OMP) Pendlebury, C., Garner, G., Walls, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Visual Fields, Foraging and Collision Vulnerability in Gyps Vultures Martin, G., Portugal, S., Murn, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
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