Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Eagle Conservation Plan Guidance: Module 1 Land-based Wind Energy US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Visual Observations for Birds, Turtles, and Marine Mammals at the University of Maine Test Site near Monhegan, Maine. Kennedy, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions
Introduction: Wind-Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant, Central Norway, Lack Behavioral Flight Responses to Wind Turbines Dahl, E., May, R., Hoel, P., Bevanger, K., Pedersen, H., Roskaft, E., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Comparing bird and bat fatality-rate estimates among North American wind-energy projects Smallwood, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Behavior and Turbine Avoidance Rates of Eagles at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia Hull, C., Muir, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant May, R., Nygård, T., Dahl, E., Bevanger, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Compensating White-Tailed Eagle Mortality at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant using Electrocution Prevention Measures Cole, S., Dahl, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Birds and Wind Projects Across the Pond: A UK Perspective Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
A Description of the Biosis Model to Assess Risk of Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines Smales, I., Muir, S., Meredith, C., Baird, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Measuring the Insecurity Index of species in networks of protected areas using species distribution modeling and fuzzy logic: The case of raptors in Andalusia Diaz-Gomez, D., Toxopeus, A., Groen, T., Muñoz, A., Skidmore, A., Real, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Understanding Landscape Patterns of Temporal Variability in Avian Populations to Improve Environmental Impact Assessments Milne, R., Bennett, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Avian and Bat Assessment at the Lewes Wind Turbine University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean and Environment Buler, J., Horton, K., Shriver, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Hatchet Ridge Wind Farm Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Year Two Annual Report Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Modeling Carcass Removal Time for Avian Mortality Assessment in Wind Farms Using Survival Analysis Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T., Pestana, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Project-Specific Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Tule Reduced Ridgeline Wind Project Tule Wind Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Individual Consistency in the Foraging Behaviour of Northern Gannets: Implications for Interactions with Offshore Renewable Energy Developments Soanes, L., Atkinson, P., Gauvain, R., Green, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Ornithology Technical Report for the proposed Dogger Bank Creyke Beck Offshore Wind Farm projects Burton, N., Thaxter, C., Cook, A., Austin, G., Humphreys, E., Johnston, A., Morrison, C., Wright, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment Dong Energy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Post-Construction Avian Mortality Monitoring at Project West Wind Bull, L., Fuller, S., Sim, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Estimating Bird and Bat Fatality at Wind Farms: A Practical Overview of Estimators, their Assumptions and Limitations Bernardino, J., Bispo, R., Costa, H., Mascarenhas, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
The New Zealand Falcon and Wind Farms: A Risk Assessment Framework Seaton, R., Barea, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Avian Collisions at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia: Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics of Colliders Versus Non-Colliders Hull, C., Stark, E., Peruzzo, S., Sims, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Impacts of Wind Energy Developments on Wildlife: A Southern Hemisphere Perspective Parsons, S., Battley, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Optimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area Bohrer, G., Zhu, K., Jones, R., Curtis, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Offshore Obstruction Lighting - Issues and Mitigation Blew, J., Nehls, G., Prall, U. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Lighting Birds
Planner's Dilemma - How to handle Birds and Bats in the Planning Process of Wind Farms Reichenbach, M. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Danish Offshore Wind Key Environmental Issues - A Follow-up Danish Energy Agency, Danish Nature Agency, Dong Energy, Vattenfall Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Integrating applied ecology and planning policy: the case of micro-turbines and wildlife conservation Park, K., Turner, A., Minderman, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Improving Methods for Estimating Fatality of Birds and Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Warren-Hicks, W., Newman, J., Wolpert, R., Karas, B., Tran, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Response to Huso and Erickson's Comments on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Smallwood, K., Bell, D., Karas, B., Snyder, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India Pande, S., Padhye, A., Deshpande, P., Ponkshe, A., Pandit, P., Pawashe, A., Pednekar, S., Pandit, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Discrimination Between Parametric Survival Models for Removal Times of Bird Carcasses in Scavenger Removal Trials at Wind Turbines Sites Bispo, R., Bernardino, J., Marques, T., Pestana, D. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1) Walls, R., Canning, S., Lye, G., Givens, L., Garrett, C., Lancaster, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Seabird Aggregative Patterns: A New Tool for Offshore Wind Energy Risk Assessment Christel, I., Certain, G., Cama, A., Vieites, D., Ferrer, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
2012 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Criterion Wind Project Garrett County, Maryland Young, D., Nations, C., Lout, M., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
50 CFR Part 17: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Status for Gunnison Sage-Grouse; Proposed Rule Gelat, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates Huso, M., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Characterising the Impacts of Emerging Energy Development on Wildlife, with an Eye Towards Mitigation Northrup, J., Wittemyer, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
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