Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Avoidance of offshore wind farms by Sandwich Terns in the North Sea increases with turbine density van Bemmelen, R., Leemans, J., Collier, M., Green, R., Middelveld, R., Thaxter, C., Fijn, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Seabird tagging feasibility for the Sectoral Marine Plan for Offshore Wind Energy Cook, A., Pollock, C., Bogdanova, M., Clewley, G., Daunt, F., Green, R., Swann, B., Weston, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Understanding seabird behaviour at sea part 2: improved estimates of collision risk model parameters Cook, A., Thaxter, C., Davies, J., Green, R., Wischnewski, S., Boersch-Supan, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Strategic study of collision risk for birds on migration and further development of the stochastic collision risk modelling tool Woodward, I., Franks, S., Bowgen, K., Davies, J., Green, R., Griffin, L., Mitchell, C., O'Hanlon, N., Pollock, C., Rees, E., Tremlett, C., Wright, L., Cook, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Digital Survey: First Annual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Maryland Offshore Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Effects of wind turbine noise on songbird behavior during nonbreeding season Lehnardt, Y., Barber, J., Berger-Tal, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Passerines
Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments (NECR512) Pavat, D., Harker, A., Humphries, G., Keogan, K., Webb, A., Macleod, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Detection of wind turbines rotary motion by birds: A matter of speed and contrast Blary, C., Bonadonna, F., Dussauze, E., Potier, S., Besnard, A., Duriez, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Behavioral responses to offshore windfarms during migration of a declining shorebird species revealed by GPS-telemetry Schwemmer, P., Mercker, M., Haecker, K., Kruckenberg, H., Kämpfer, S., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Jiguet, F., Franks, S., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Pederson, R., Düttmann, H., Fartmann, T., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, H., Lin, L., Yang, H., Jin, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Mitigating the Negative Impact of Wind Power on Soaring Birds through Government Restrictions Liang, X., Yang, C., Zhang, Y., Xue, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Post-construction Bird and Bat Fatality Monitoring for Onshore Wind Energy Facilities in Emerging Market Countries: Good Practice Handbook and Decision Support Tool International Finance Corporation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Reanalysis indicates little evidence of reduction in eagle mortality rate by automated curtailment of wind turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms Rezaei, F., Contestabile, P, Vicinanza, D., Azzellino, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing carcass relocation for offsetting golden eagle mortality at wind energy facilities Lonsdorf, E., Gerber, J., Ray, D., Slater, S., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Competing for space? A multi-criteria scenario framework intended to model the energy–biodiversity–land nexus for regional renewable energy planning based on a German case study Weber, J., Steinkamp, T., Reichenbach, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Spatial Planning
Responses of GPS-Tagged Territorial Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines in Scotland Fielding, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Variation in flight characteristics associated with entry by eagles into rotor‐swept zones of wind turbines Rolek, B., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Katzner, T., McClure, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Forecasting suitable areas for wind turbine occurrence to proactively improve wildlife conservation Boggie, M., Butler, M., Sesnie, S., Millsap, B., Stewart, D., Harris, G., Broska, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Integrating Bird and Marine Mammal Monitoring into Offshore Wind Energy Development Infrastructure and Operations Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A., Campoblanco, F., Willaims, K., Stepanuk, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Birds, Marine Mammals
The Tradeoff Between Wildlife Conservation and Renewable Energy: Evidence from Golden Eagles and Wind Turbines O'Brien, B., Hagerty, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Bat mortality in wind farms of southern Europe: temporal patterns and implications in the current context of climate change del Mar Salguero, M., De la Cruz, A., Munoz, A-R., Arroyo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Climate Change
Revolution Wind Farm and Revolution Wind Export Cable Project Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Lesser prairie-chicken habitat selection and survival relative to a wind energy facility located in a fragmented landscape LeBeau, C., Smith, K., Kosciuch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Quantifying trade-offs for the spatial allocation of onshore wind generation capacity – A case study for Germany Tafarte, P., Lemann, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Bat and Bird Data Analysis and Results Summary: Progress Report #5 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy Noise Bats, Birds
Conspecific Carcass Removal from a Wind Project Study Plot by a Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) Bell, D., Snyder, S., Didonato, J., Smallwood, K. Shawn Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Unlocking the Potential of Wind Energy With Machine Learning-Based Avian Detection: A Call to Action Principato, M., Hasselwander, L., Stangner, M., Buettner, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Thermal soaring over the North Sea and implications for wind farm interactions van Erp, J., Sage, E., Bouten, W., van Loon, E., Camphuysen, K., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds
Protecting avian wildlife for wind farm siting: The Screening Tool Proof of Concept Salkanovic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions
Mapping Environmental Considerations for Marine Spatial Planning in Wales: Methodology Murray, L., Bloomfield, H., Skates, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Sensitivity analysis of collision risk at wind turbines based on flight altitude of migratory waterbirds Kamata, T., Sato, H., Mukai, H., Sato, T., Yamada, S., Sekijima, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Development of a Cumulative Impact Assessment tool for birds in Norwegian Offshore Waters: Trollvind OWF as a case study Layton-Matthews, K., Buckingham, L., Critchley, E., Nilsson, A., Ollus, V., Ballesteros, M., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Dehnhard, N., Fauchald, P., Hanssen, F., Helberg, M, Masden, E., May, R., Sandvik, H., Tarroux, A, Reiertsen, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Bird Protection Zones in a Wind Park by Ka-Band Radar Surveillance: Field Results from the Wind Testing Site WINSENT Malzer, M., Burhenn, M., Beck, S., Zadeh, A., Moll, J., Krozer, V., Hubsch, D., Nuber, A., Werner, M., Kaminsky, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
First assessment on the influence of wind farms and high-voltage networks on ruddy-headed goose Chloephaga rubidiceps migration in Patagonia, Argentina Pedrana, J., Gorosábel, A., Pütz, K., Bernad, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Offshore Wind Energy and Seabird Collision Vulnerability in California Grover, W. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecological impacts of the expansion of offshore wind farms on trophic level species of marine food chain Wang, L., Wang, B., Cen, W., Xu, R., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Han, Y., Zhang, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
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