Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
SAINT-NAZAIRE Bilan environnemental annuel 2022 Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Wind energy expansion and birds: Identifying priority areas for impact avoidance at a national level Balotari-Chiebao, F., Santangeli, A., Piirainen, S., Byholm, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes
Large soaring raptors vs wind turbines development in the Swiss Alps Vignali, S., Braunisch, V., Arlettaz, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields from 0 to 100 MHz on Fauna and Flora: Workshop Report Pophof, B., Henschenmacher, B., Kattnig, D., Kuhne, J., Vian, A., Ziegelberger, G. Journal Article Wind Energy EMF Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental assessment of proposed areas for offshore wind farms off southern Brazil based on ecological niche modeling and a species richness index for albatrosses and petrels Lemos, C., Hernandez, M., Vilardo, C., Phillips, R., Bugoni, L., Sousa-Pinto, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Getting ready for offshore wind farm expansion in the North Sea Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Sunrise Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Decoding Golden Eagle Movement Behavior from High-Resolution, Variable-Rate Telemetry Data Through Bayesian Filtering Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E., Thedin, R., Brandes, D., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Farmer, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A review to inform the assessment of the risk of collision and displacement in petrels and shearwaters from offshore wind developments in Scotland Deakin, Z., Cook, A., Daunt, F., McCluskie, A., Morley, N., Witcutt, E., Wright, L., Bolton, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish
Advanced Collision Detection and Site Monitoring for Avian and Bat Species for Offshore Wind Energy (Final Technical Report) Albertani, R., Johnston, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Update on the current state of knowledge on the impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in the OSPAR Region: 2019-2022 Leemans, J., Collier, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecosystem Benefits of Floating Offshore Wind Haberlin, D., Cohuo, A., Doyle, T. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of offshore wind energy development on marine birds Croll, D., Ellis, A., Adams, J., Cook, A., Garthe, S., Goodale, M., Hall, C., Hazen, E., Keitt, B., Kelsey, E., Leirness, J., Lyons, D., McKown, M., Potiek, A., Searle, K., Soudijn, F., Rockwood, C., Tershy, B., Tinker, M., VanderWerf, E., Williams, K., Young, L., Zilliacus, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions
Great Lakes Wind Energy Feasibility Study Musial, W., Green, R., Courbis, S., Frolich, J., White, K., Austria, R., Pfeifenberger, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Considerations on environmental, economic, and energy impacts of wind energy generation: Projections towards sustainability initiatives Msigwa, G., Ighalo, J., Yap, P-S. Journal Article Wind Energy Changes in Flow, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations Green, R., Severy, M., Hein, C., Farr, H., Oteri, F. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Long-term impact on the breeding birds of a semi-offshore island-based wind farm in Åland, Northern Baltic Sea Tanskanen, A., Yrjola, R., Oja, J., Aalto, R., Tanskanen, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Displacement Birds, Shorebirds
Biological Assessment: Revolution Wind Farm and Revolution Export Cable - Development and Operation BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
A review of raptor carcass persistence trials and the practical implications for fatality estimation at wind farms Wilson, D., Hulka, S., Bennun, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The species-specificity of energy landscapes for soaring birds, and its consequences for transferring suitability models across species Scacco, M., Arrondo, E., Donazar, J., Flack, A., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Duriez, O., Wikelski, M., Safi, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Collision Birds, Raptors
To fly or not to fly? Comparing vantage point and uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys for assessments of seabird abundance and fine-scale distribution Costagliola-Ray, M., Lieber, L., Nimmo-Smith, A., Masden, E., Caplat, P., Wilson, J., O'Hanlon, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Limited rigor in studies of raptor mortality and mitigation at wind power facilities Conkling, T., McClure, C., Cuadros, S., Loss, S., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Limited rigor in studies of raptor mortality and mitigation at wind power facilities Conkling, T., McClure, C., Cuadros, S., Loss, S., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Quantifying Raptors’ Flight Behavior to Assess Collision Risk and Avoidance Behavior to Wind Turbines Linder, A., Lyhne, H., Laubek, B., Bruhn, D., Pertoldi, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Environmental variables for distribution modelling of UK marine megafauna species Wilkinson, D., Quinn, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Noise pollution from wind turbines and its effects on wildlife: A cross-national analysis of current policies and planning regulations Teff-Seker, Y., Berger-Tal, O., Lehnardt, Y., Teschner, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Significant decline of Griffon Vulture collision mortality in wind farms during 13-year of a selective turbine stopping protocol Ferrer, M., Alloing, A., Baumbush, R., Morandini, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Marine birds: vision-based wind turbine collision mitigation Martin, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix U: Assessment of the Potential Effects of the Kitty Hawk Offshore Wind Project on Bats and Birds Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Kitty Hawk North Wind Construction and Operations Plan Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish
Kitty Hawk North Wind COP Appendix S: Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results APEM Ltd, Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish
International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development Green, R., Gill, E., Hein, C., Couturier, L., Mascarenhas, M., May, R., Newell, D., Rumes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Event detection for avian and bat wildlife on wind turbine blades Drachnik, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR9 Année N+1 MAZIERE, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Assessment of compensatory measures for impacts of offshore windfarms on seabirds McGregor, R., Trinder, M., Goodship, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR10 ANNÉE N+2 MAZIERE, H., LABORIE, J., Pineaux, M., Monnet, G., Leicher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion Still, D., Pacitto, S., Miller, M., Kazer, S., Purcell, C., Gloyne-Philips, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Impacts of wind turbines on vegetation and soil cover: a case study of Urla, Cesme, and Karaburun Peninsulas, Turkey Aksoy, T., Cetin, M., Cabuk, S., Kurkcuoglu, M., Ozturk, G., Cabuk, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment
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