Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Bat and Bird Data Analysis and Results Summary: Progress Report #1 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy Noise Bats, Birds
Environmental Studies Program: Studies Development Plan 2022-2023 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
The Effect of Sound on Bird Behaviour Application in Wind Farms Georgiev, M., Marinov, M., Zehtindjiev, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Passerines
Songbird Behavior and Conservation in the Anthropocene Proppe, D. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Bilan annuel 2021 des études environnementales sur le parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Birds not in flight: using camera traps to observe ground use of birds at a wind-energy facility Puffer, S., Tennant, L., Lovich, J., Agha, M., Smith, A., Delaney, D., Arundel, T., Fleckenstein, L., Briggs, J., Walde, A., Ennen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines: Assessing Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Bernardino, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds
Risk evaluation of onshore wind farms in relation to wild duck (Anatidae) movements in the Yangtze River Mouth, China Zhao, S., Xu, H., Zhong, H., Song, H., Liu, N., Wang, Z., Li, B., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore North Carolina Draft Supplemental Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind COP Appendix II-F3: Red Knot Tagging Study Memorandum Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Response of Ferruginous Hawks to temporary habitat alterations for energy development in southwestern Alberta Parayko, N., Ng, J., Marley, J., Wolach, R., Wellicome, T., Bayne, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
The Influence of Policy Risk on Swiss Wind Power Investment Broughel, A., Wüstenhagen, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
FLOATGEN floating wind turbine environmental monitoring report, SEM-REV test site Reynaud, M., Le Bouhris, E., Soulard, T., Perignon, Y. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm - Year 1 Post-Construction Ornithological Monitoring Report - 2019 Trinder, M. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds
Bio-acoustic tracking and localization using heterogeneous, scalable microphone arrays Verreycken, E., Simon, R., Quirk-Royal, B., Daems, W., Barber, J., Steckel, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
An indicator for assessing the status of marine-bird habitats affected by multiple human activities: A novel statistical approach Mercker, M., Dierschke, V., Camphuysen, K., Kreutle, A., Markones, N., Vanermen, N., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Maryland Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan: Appendix II N1 - Avian Risk Assessment ESS Group, Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Quarterly Report: March 2021 to June 2021 Arundale, M., Goddard, B., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
GPS tracking data can document wind turbine interactions: Evidence from a GPS-tagged Eurasian curlew Jiguet, F., Schwemmer, P., Rousseau, P., Bocher, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Bats, Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Breeding Density and Collision Mortality of Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus) in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Smallwood, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
A Temporal Boosted YOLO-Based Model for Birds Detection around Wind Farms Alqaysi, H. , Fedorov, I. , Qureshi, F., O’Nils, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Hywind Scotland Ornithological Monitoring Programme: Overwintering distributions of common guillemot and razorbill populations in Eastern Scotland Bogdanova, M., Buckingham, L., Newell, M., Wanless, S., Harris, M., Andrews, C., Morley, T., Weston, E., Swann, R., Canham, M., Bennett, S., Cox, N., Quintin, M., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Virtual Forum on Prairie Grouse and Wind Energy: 2021 Synthesis American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
A two-fold increase in migration distance does not have breeding consequences in a long-distance migratory seabird with high flight costs Dufour, P., Wojczulanis-Jakubas, K., Lavergne, S., Renaud, J., Jakubas, D., Descamps, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Underestimated Scale of Songbird Offshore Migration Across the South-Eastern North Sea during Autumn Brust, V., Hüppop, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Passerines
Flight Altitudes of Raptors in Southern Africa Highlight Vulnerability of Threatened Species to Wind Turbines McClure, C., Dunn, L., McCabe, J., Rolek, B., Botha, A., Virani, M., Buij, R., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Documentation of the technical discussion "Anti-collision systems for birds" - A look at the development and testing status KNE (Kompetenzzentrum Naturschutz und Energiewende) Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Land suitability assessment for wind farms through best-worst method and GIS in Balıkesir province of Turkey Tercan, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Risks to different populations and age classes of gannets from impacts of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Pollock, C., Lane, J., Buckingham, L., Garthe, S., Jeavons, R., Furness, R., Hamer, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway Oppel, S., Arkumarev, V., Bakari, S,, Dobrev, V., Saravia-Mullin, V., Adefolu, S., Aktay Sözüer, L., Apeverga, P., Arslan, S., Barshep, Y., Bino,T., Bounas, A., Çetin,T., Dayyoub, M., Dobrev, D., Duro, K., El-Moghrabi, L., ElSafoury, H., Endris, A., Ghazal Asswad, N., Harry, J., Ivande, S., Jbour, S., Kapsalis, E., Kret, E., Mahamued, B., Manu, S., Mengistu, S., Moussa Zabeirou, A., Muhammad, S., Nakev, S., Ngari, A., Onoja, J., Osta, M., Özuslu, S., Petrovski, N., Popgeorgiev, G., Pourchier, C., Qaneer, T., Ruffo, A., Shobrak, M., Sidiropoulos, L., Skartsi, T., Sözüer, Ö., Stara, K., Tesfaye, M., Topi, M,, Vavylis, D., Velevski, M., Vorpsi, Z., Wondafrash, M., Xeka, E., Yeniyurt, C., Yordanov, E., Nikolov, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Cumulative impacts of wind farms on the North Sea ecosystem Piet, G., Tamis, J., van der Wal, J., Jongbloed, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
State of Maine Offshore Wind Energy Research Array: Application for an Outer Continental Shelf Renewable Energy Research Lease State of Maine Report Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Comments on Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Offshore Morro Bay, California, East and West Extensions Flick, P., Hislop, K., Humphries, E., Tait, D., George, G., Aylesworth, S., Stocker, M., Cullum, L., Bense-Kang, D., Weiler, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles
American Bird Conservancy Comments on the Morro Bay Offshore Wind Call for Information American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions
Electricity production and comparative analysis for wind availability power potential assessment at four sites in Egypt Ibrahim, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions (2021 Update) American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
When speed matters: The importance of flight speed in an avian collision risk model Masden, E., Cook, A., McCluskie, A., Bouten, W., Burton, N., Thaxter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR10 ANNÉE N+1 MAZIERE, H., Le Guen, M., LABORIE, J., Leicher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Life-cycle impacts of wind energy development on bird diversity in Norway May, R., Jackson, C., Middel, H., Stokke, B., Verones, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
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